1. Lord Of The Ring All Parts

The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers is a 2002 epicfantasyadventure film directed by Peter Jackson and based on the second volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. It is the second instalment in The Lord of the Rings trilogy, preceded by The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) and concluding with The Return of the King (2003).

Continuing the plot of The Fellowship of the Ring, the film intercuts three storylines. Frodo and Sam continue their journey towards Mordor to destroy the One Ring, meeting and joined by Gollum, the ring's former owner. Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli come to the war-torn nation of Rohan and are reunited with the resurrected Gandalf, before fighting at the Battle of Helm's Deep. Merry and Pippin escape capture, meet Treebeard the Ent, and help to plan an attack on Isengard.

Meeting high critical acclaim, the film was an enormous box-office success, earning over US$926 million worldwide, and is also the highest-grossing film of 2002 (inflation-adjusted, it is the 62nd-most successful film in North America^[9]). The film won numerous accolades and was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture, and won Best Visual Effects and Best Sound Editing.

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Plot[edit]

Awakening from a dream of Gandalf the Grey battling the Balrog, Frodo Baggins and his friend Samwise Gamgee find themselves lost in the Emyn Muil near Mordor and soon become aware that they are being stalked by Gollum, the former owner of the One Ring. After capturing him, a sympathetic Frodo decides to use Gollum as a guide to Mordor, despite Sam's objections.

Meanwhile, Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli pursue the Uruk-hai to save their companions Merry and Pippin. The Uruk-hai are ambushed by the Rohirrim, the exiled army of Rohan, while the two Hobbits escape into Fangorn Forest and encounter the EntTreebeard. Aragorn's group later meets the Rohirrim and their leader Éomer, who reveals that their king Théoden is being manipulated by Saruman and his servant Gríma Wormtongue into turning a blind eye to Saruman's forces running rampant in Rohan. While tracking down the Hobbits in Fangorn, Aragorn's group encounters Gandalf, who, after succumbing to his injuries while killing the Balrog in Moria, has been resurrected as Gandalf the White to help save Middle-earth.

Aragorn's group travels to Rohan's capital city Edoras, where Gandalf releases Théoden from Saruman's influence and Wormtongue is subsequently banished. After learning of Saruman's plans to wipe out Rohan with his Uruk-hai army, Théoden decides to move his citizens to Helm's Deep, an ancient fortress that has provided refuge to Rohan's people in times past, while Gandalf departs to acquire the aid of the Rohirrim. Aragorn builds a friendship with Théoden's niece, Éowyn, who quickly becomes infatuated with him. When the exodus comes under attack by Warg-riding Orcs, Aragorn falls off a cliff into a river and is presumed dead. However, he is found by his horse Brego and taken to Helm's Deep. The Uruk-hai army arrives at Helm's Deep that night, finding a makeshift army of civilians and Elves from Lothlórien waiting for them as a night-long battle follows. Using gunpowder-like explosives on a sewer drain that Wormtongue told Saruman about, the Uruk-hai breach the outer wall and force the remaining defenders to retreat into the inner castle.

At Fangorn, Merry and Pippin, having met Gandalf in the forest and convincing Treebeard they were allies, are brought to an Ent Council where the Ents decide not to assist in the war. Pippin then tells Treebeard to take them to a route passing Isengard, where they witness the devastation caused to the forest by Saruman's war efforts. An enraged Treebeard summons the Ents and they storm Isengard, drowning the orcs by breaking their river dam and stranding Saruman in Orthanc.

At Helm's Deep, Aragorn convinces a despairing Theoden to ride out and meet the Uruks in one last charge. Gandalf and the Rohirrim then arrive at sunrise, turning the tide of the battle and decimating the Uruk-hai while those remaining flee and are slaughtered. Despite this victory, Gandalf warns that Sauron's retaliation will be terrible and swift.

Meanwhile, becoming loyal to Frodo after taking him and Sam through the Dead Marshes, Gollum convinces the Hobbits of another entrance besides the Black Gate. Frodo and Sam are later captured by the Rangers of Ithilien led by Faramir, brother of the late Boromir. After torturing Gollum while inadvertently instilling in him the notion that he has been betrayed when Frodo saves him from being killed, Faramir learns of the One Ring and takes his captives with him to Gondor to win his father's respect. While passing through the besieged Gondorian city of Osgiliath, Sam reveals that Boromir's death was because he was driven mad by and tried to take the Ring. An attacking Nazgûl nearly captures Frodo, who momentarily attacks Sam before coming to his senses, forcing Sam to remind him that they are fighting for the good still left in Middle-earth. Faramir is impressed by Frodo's rekindled hope and releases them along with Gollum. While leading the hobbits once more, Gollum decides to take revenge on Frodo and reclaim the ring by leading the group to 'Her' upon arriving at Cirith Ungol.

Cast[edit]

Like the other films in the series, The Two Towers has an ensemble cast,^[11] and the cast and their respective characters include:

• Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins: A young hobbit sent on a quest to destroy the One Ring, the burden of which is becoming heavier.
• Ian McKellen as Gandalf the Grey / Gandalf the White: An Istari wizard who fell fighting a Balrog and has now returned, more powerful than ever, to finish his task.
• Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn Elessar: The heir-in-exile to Gondor's throne who has come to Rohan's defence.
• Liv Tyler as Arwen Undomiel: An elven princess of Rivendell and Aragorn's true love.
• Sean Astin as Samwise Gamgee: Frodo's loyal hobbit gardener and companion.
• Cate Blanchett as Galadriel: The Elven-Queen of Lothlórien, who discusses Middle-earth's future with Elrond.
• John Rhys-Davies as Gimli: A dwarf warrior and one of Aragorn's companions.
  • Also voices Treebeard: The leader of the ents, who is roused to anger after seeing that Saruman had decimated a large part of Fangorn Forest.
• Bernard Hill as Théoden: The King of Rohan, who is under Saruman's spell until Gandalf heals him so he can lead his people once more.
• Christopher Lee as Saruman the White: An Istari wizard waging war upon Rohan and devastating Fangorn Forest, who allied himself with Sauron in the previous film.
• Billy Boyd as Peregrin Took: A hobbit mistakenly captured by the Uruk-hai.
• Dominic Monaghan as Meriadoc Brandybuck: A distant cousin of Frodo's who is mistakenly captured along with Pippin by the Uruk-hai.
• Orlando Bloom as Legolas Greenleaf: An elven archer and one of Aragorn's companions.
• Hugo Weaving as Elrond: The Elven-Lord of Rivendell who expresses doubt over his daughter's love for Aragorn.
• Miranda Otto as Éowyn: Théoden's niece, who is in love with Aragorn.
• David Wenham as Faramir: a prince of the Stewards of Gondor and captain of the Ithilien Rangers, who captures Frodo, Sam and Gollum.
• Brad Dourif as Gríma Wormtongue: An agent of Saruman at Edoras, who renders Théoden incapable of decisions, and desires Éowyn.
• Karl Urban as Éomer: Théoden's nephew and previous Chief Marshal of the Riddermark who was exiled by Gríma.
• Sean Bean as Boromir: Faramir's older brother and a fallen member of the Fellowship who appears in flashbacks since his death, more prominently in the film's extended edition.
• Andy Serkis as Sméagol Trahald / Gollum: A wretched hobbit-like^[12] creature who owned the Ring for five centuries and now guides Frodo on his quest; voice and motion capture.
• Craig Parker as Haldir: The leader of the Lórien Elves sent by Elrond and Galadriel to defend Helm's Deep.
• John Leigh as Háma: The loyal doorwarden of the Golden Hall and a majordomo of Théoden.
• Bruce Hopkins as Gamling: Théoden's chief lieutenant and a skilled member of the Royal Guard of Rohan.
• John Bach as Madril: Faramir's closest aide, who informs him of battle preparations.

The following appear only in the Extended Edition

• John Noble as Denethor: The Steward of Gondor and Boromir and Faramir's father.

In the Battle of Helm's Deep, Peter Jackson has a cameo appearance as one of the men on top of the gate, throwing a spear at the attacking Uruk-hai. His children and Elijah Wood's sister also cameo as young refugees in the caves behind the Hornburg, and Alan Lee and Dan Hennah also cameo as soldiers preparing for the battle. The son of a producer's friend, Hamish Duncan, appears as a reluctant young Rohirrim warrior. Daniel Falconer has a cameo as an Elvish archer at the battle.^[13]

Comparison to the source material[edit]

The screenwriters did not originally script The Two Towers as its own film: instead, parts of it were the conclusion to The Fellowship of the Ring, the first of two planned films under Miramax.^[14] However, as the two films became a trilogy under New Line, Jackson, Walsh and Boyens shuffled their scripts. The Two Towers was the most difficult of the Rings films to make, having neither a clear beginning nor end to focus the script.^[15] Nonetheless, they had a clear decision with making the Battle of Helm's Deep the climax, a decision affecting the whole story's moods and style.

The most notable difference between the book and the film is the structure. Tolkien's The Two Towers is split into two parts; one follows the war in Rohan, while the other focuses on the journey of Frodo and Sam. The film omits the book's opening, Boromir's death, which was used as a linear climax at the end of The Fellowship of the Ring. Also, the film climaxes with the Battle of Helm's Deep, while the book ends with the Fellowship going to Isengard and Frodo's confrontation with Shelob, scenes which were left for the film adaptation of The Return of the King. This was done partly to fit more closely the timeline indicated by the book.

One notable change in plotting is that in the film Théoden is possessed by Saruman, whereas in the book he is simply depressed and deluded by Wormtongue. Afterwards, in the film, Théoden is still unsure of what to do, and flees to Helm's Deep. In the book he rides out to war, only ending up besieged when he considers helping Erkenbrand. Erkenbrand does not exist in the films: his character is combined with Éomer as the Rohirrim general who arrives with Gandalf at the film's end. Éomer himself is present during the entire battle in the book.

On the way to Helm's Deep, the refugees from Edoras are attacked by Wargs. The scene is possibly inspired by one in the book cut from The Fellowship of the Ring where it is the Fellowship who battle them. Here, a new subplot is created where Aragorn falls over a cliff, and is assumed to be dead; Jackson added it to create tension.^[16] This scene also resonates with a new subplot regarding Arwen, where she decides to leave Middle-earth after losing hope in the long-term possibilities of her love. In the book, Arwen's role is primarily recorded in the Appendices, and she is never depicted as considering such an act.

A larger change was originally planned: Arwen and Elrond would visit Galadriel, and Arwen would accompany an army of Elves to Helm's Deep to fight alongside Aragorn. During shooting, the script changed, both from writers coming up with better ideas to portray the romance between Aragorn and Arwen, as well as poor fan reaction.^[15][17] The new scene of Arwen leaving for the West was created, and the conversation scene remains, edited to be a flashback to a conversation between them in Rivendell, on the evening before the Fellowship's departure.^[15] A conversation between Elrond and Galadriel in Lothlórien was edited to be a telepathic one.^[18] Nonetheless, one major change (already filmed) remained that could not be reversed: the Elven warriors fighting at Helm's Deep, although Jackson and Boyens found this romantic and stirring and a reference to how, in the Appendices of The Return of the King, Galadriel and the Elves of Lothlórien, and Thranduil of Mirkwood were first attacked by an army out of Dol Guldur in Mirkwood, and then later counter-attacked and assaulted the fortress itself.^[15]

Another change is the fact Treebeard does not immediately decide to go to war. This adds to the tension, and Boyens describes it as making Merry and Pippin 'more than luggage'.^[16] Here, the Hobbits show Treebeard what Saruman has done to the forest, prompting his decision to act. Another structural change is that the Hobbits meet Gandalf the White early on, explaining why the Hobbits do not react to his return when they meet him again following Isengard's destruction. This was explained in the book by Gandalf arriving at Isengard in the middle of the night to talk to Treebeard.

The filmmakers' decision to leave Shelob for the third film meant that Faramir had to become an obstacle for Frodo and Sam.^[15] In the book, Faramir (like Aragorn) quickly recognises the Ring as a danger and a temptation, and does not hesitate long before letting Frodo and Sam go. In the film, Faramir first decides that the Ring shall go to Gondor and his father Denethor, as a way to prove his worth. In the film, Faramir takes Frodo, Sam and the Ring to the Battle of Osgiliath—they do not go there in the book. Jackson winks to readers with Sam's line, 'By all rights we shouldn't even be here, but we are.' After seeing how strongly the Ring affects Frodo during the Nazgûl attack, Faramir changes his mind and lets them go. These changes reshape the book's contrast between Faramir and Boromir, who in The Fellowship of the Ring attempted to take the Ring for himself. On the other hand, (which can be seen only in the film's extended version), it is actually their father who wants the Ring and urges Boromir to get it, while Faramir only wants to prove himself to his father. Boyens contends these plot changes were needed to keep the Ring menacing. Wenham commented on the DVD documentaries that he had not read the book prior to reading the script, so the film's version of Faramir was the Faramir he knew. When he later read the book and noticed the major difference, he approached the writers about it, and they explained to him that if he did say 'I wouldn't pick that thing up even if it lay by the wayside', it would basically strip the One Ring of all corruptive power.^[15]

The meaning of the title itself, 'The Two Towers', was changed. While Tolkien considered several possible sets of towers^[19] he eventually created a final cover illustration^[20] and wrote a note included at the end of The Fellowship of the Ring which identified them as Minas Morgul and Orthanc.^[21] Jackson's film names them as Orthanc and Barad-dûr, symbolic of an evil alliance out to destroy Men that forms the film's plot point. The film depicted Saruman openly presenting himself outright as Sauron's servant, whereas this association was not explicitly stated in the novel (and indeed analysis by Gandalf and Aragorn in the chapter 'The White Rider' stated that there was a rivalry instead, as Saruman was afraid of the prospect of being at war with Sauron, if Rohan and Gondor fell).

Production[edit]

Production design[edit]

When Alan Lee joined the project in late 1997, Helm's Deep was the first structure he was tasked to design. At 1:35 scale, it was one of the first miniatures built, and part of the 45-minute video that sold the project to New Line. It was primarily drawn from an illustration Lee had once done for the book, though fellow illustrator and designer John Howe suggested a curved wall. Used in the film for longshots, Jackson also used this miniature to plan the battle with 40,000 toy soldiers.^[22]

As a pivotal part of the story, Helm's Deep was built at Dry Creek Quarry with the Gate, a ramp, and a wall with a removable section and the tower on a second level. Most importantly, there was the 1:4-scale miniature of Helm's Deep that ran 50 feet wide. It was used for forced perspective shots,^[23] as well as the major explosion sequence.^[22]

The film explores the armies of Middle-earth. John Howe was the basic designer of the forces of evil. The Uruk-hai were the first army approved by Jackson, and Howe also designed a special crossbow for the characters, one without the redundancy of opening to reload, the realisation of a 15th-century manuscript. Also created were 100 Elven suits of armour, with emphasis on Autumnal colours due to the theme of Elves leaving Middle-earth. Two hundred and fifty suits were made for the Rohirrim. The Rohan designs were based on Germanic and Anglo-Saxon patterns. Most of the weapons were designed by John Howe, and forged by Peter Lyon. Each sword took 3 to 6 days to make.^[24]

The Rohirrim's capital of Edoras took six months to build on Mount Sunday, with thatched roofs, but that was simply the exterior: the buildings doubled as offices and lunch halls. The army created a road to the location, whilst the interior was filmed at Stone Street Studios with tapestries designed by Lee, and Théoden's wooden throne partly created by his daughter.^[23] Hill endured heavy make-up for the possession scene where his skin was pulled back and released for increased wrinkles. Dourif shaved off his eyebrows and put potato flakes as dandruff in his hair for unnerving effect.

The film also provides a look at Mordor and Gondor, in terms of Frodo and Sam's story. Barad-dûr is seen fully in a tracking shot, a design which Howe called a mockery of Gothic Cathedrals. He and Lee fully created the Black Gate (though a typo in the script made the miniature into two^[22]) and Osgiliath, the ruined city reflecting London during the Blitz or Berlin in 1945.^[25] The set on a backlot was based around a bridge and reused some of Moria.^[23]

Principal photography[edit]

The Two Towers shared principal photography with The Fellowship of the Ring and The Return of the King between 11 October 1999 to 22 December 2000. Scenes in Rohan were shot early on, and Viggo Mortensen, Orlando Bloom and John Rhys-Davies' scale double Brett Beattie sustained many injuries. Mortensen broke two toes when he kicked an Orc helmet upon finding the remains of the Uruk-hai and believing Merry and Pippin to be dead; this take is the one in the finished film. Bloom fell off his horse and cracked three ribs, whilst Beattie dislocated his knee. Because of these injuries the actors suffered two days in pain during the running sequence leading Jackson to jokingly refer to them as 'The Walking Wounded.'^[25]

Afterwards, they went on for three months filming the Battle of Helm's Deep. John Mahaffie handled most of the night shoots. Mortensen got his tooth chipped during the nightshoots, and Bernard Hill also got his ear slashed.^[25] Nonetheless, the 700 extras had fun, insulting each other in Māori^[26] and improvising scenes, such as the Uruk-hai stamping their spears before the battle begins.^[25] They did get annoyed by the Art Department's craftsmanship: the Gates were too reinforced for the Battering Ram scene.^[23] Mortensen greatly respected the stunt team, and head butting them became a sign of that respect.^[26]

Wood and Astin were joined by Serkis on 13 April 2000.^[27]

Special effects[edit]

For The Two Towers, Weta Digital doubled their staff^[28] of 260.^[29] In total, they would produce 73 minutes of digital effects with 799 shots.^[28] The film would feature their first challenge in creating a battle scene, as well as creating two digital characters who needed to act rather than be a set piece, unlike the previous film's Cave Troll and Balrog.^[24]

Gollum

Weta began animating Gollum in late 1998 to convince New Line they could achieve the effect. Andy Serkis 'played' Gollum by providing his voice and movements on set, as well as performing within the motion capture suit later on. His scenes were filmed twice, with and without him. Originally, Gollum was set to solely be a CG character, but Jackson was so impressed by Serkis' audition tape that they used him on set as well.

Gollum's CG model was also redesigned during 2001 when Serkis was cast as Sméagol, Gollum's former self, so as to give the impression Andy Serkis as Sméagol transforms into the CG Gollum. The original model can still be glimpsed briefly in the first film. Over Christmas 2001, the crew proceeded to reanimate all the previous shots accordingly within two months. Another problem was that the crew realised that the cast performed better in the takes which physically included Serkis. In the end, the CG Gollum was rotoscoped and animated on top of these scenes.

Serkis' motion capture was generally used to animate Gollum's body, except for some difficult shots such as him crawling upside down. Gollum's face was animated manually, often using recordings of Serkis as a guide. Gino Acevedo supervised realistic skin tones, which took four hours per frame to render.^[30]

While the novel alludes to a division within his mind, the film depicts him as having a split personality. The two personas—the childlike Smeágol and the evil Gollum—are established during a scene in which they argue over remaining loyal to Frodo. The two personalities talk to each other, as established by contrasting camera angles and by Serkis altering his voice and physicality for each persona.

Treebeard

Treebeard took between 28 and 48 hours per frame to render.^[28] For scenes where he interacts with Merry and Pippin, a 14-foot-tall puppet was built on a wheel. Weta took urethane moulds of tree bark and applied them to the sculpt of Treebeard to create his wooden skin. Dominic Monaghan and Billy Boyd sat on bicycle seats concealed into Treebeard's hands to avoid discomfort and were left alone on set sitting in the puppet's hands during breaks. The puppet was shot against bluescreen.^[24]

Score[edit]

The musical score for The Two Towers was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, who also composed the music for the other two films in the series. While the scores for its predecessor and sequel won the Academy Award for Best Score, the soundtrack for The Two Towers was not nominated. Initially there was confusion over the score's eligibility due to a new rule applying to sequels, but the Academy did declare it eligible.^[31]

The score features The London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Voices, The London Oratory School Schola and several vocal and instrumental soloists, including soprano Isabel Bayrakdarian, and Irish fiddler and violinist Dermot Crehan, who also performed on the Hardanger fiddle, which is used in this film in conjunction with the various Rohan themes.

The funeral song Éowyn sings during her cousin Théodred's entombment in the extended edition is styled to be a traditional song of the Rohirrim, and has lyrics in their language, Rohirric (represented by Old English). The song does not appear in the book, and the tune is a variation upon a theme of the rímurIcelandic folk tradition; it can be heard as part of track 7 in the 1999 recording of a musical version of the Edda by Sequentia.^[32]

The soundtrack was recorded at Abbey Road Studios. The soundtrack has a picture of Peter Jackson (barefoot), the composer, and two producers crossing Abbey Road, referencing The Beatles' album of the same name.

Release[edit]

Home media[edit]

VHS and DVD

The Two Towers was released on VHS and DVD in August 26, 2003 in the United States. The date was originally intended to be a simultaneous worldwide release, but due to a bank holiday weekend in the United Kingdom, some British stores began selling DVDs as much as four days earlier, much to the ire of the film's UK distributor, which had threatened to withhold advance supplies of subsequent DVD releases.^[33]

Lord Of The Ring All Parts

As with The Fellowship of the Ring, an extended edition of The Two Towers was released on VHS and DVD in November 18, 2003 with 45 minutes of new material, added special effects and music, plus 11 minutes of fan-club credits. The runtime expanded to 223 minutes.^[34][35] The 4-disc DVD set included four commentaries along with hours of supplementary material.

In August 2006, a limited edition of The Two Towers was released on DVD. The set included both the film's theatrical and extended editions on a double-sided disc along with all-new bonus material.

Blu-ray edition

The theatrical Blu-ray version of The Lord of the Rings was released in the United States in April 2010.^[36] The individual Blu-ray disc of The Two Towers was released in September 2010 with the same special features as the complete trilogy release, except there was no digital copy.^[37]

The extended editions for Blu-ray were released in the US and Canada in June 2011.^[38] This version has a runtime of 235 minutes.^[34]

Reception[edit]

Box office[edit]

The Two Towers opened in theatres on 18 December 2002. It made $64.2 million in its opening weekend in the US and Canada. The movie went on to gross $342,551,365 in North America and $583,495,746 internationally for a worldwide total of $926,047,111 against a budget of $94 million.^[8] It was the highest-grossing film of 2002 worldwide.^[39]Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 57 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.^[40]

Critical response[edit]

The film holds a 95% 'Fresh' rating on the aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 251 reviews, with an average score of 8.49/10. The site's main consensus reads, 'The Two Towers balances spectacular action with emotional storytelling, leaving audiences both wholly satisfied and eager for the final chapter'.^[41] The film holds a Metacritic score of 87 out of 100, based on 39 reviews, indicating 'universal acclaim'.^[42]The Battle of Helm's Deep has been named as one of the greatest screen battles of all time,^[43] while Gollum was named as the third favourite computer-generated film character by Entertainment Weekly in 2007.^[44]Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars stating, 'It is not faithful to the spirit of Tolkien and misplaces much of the charm and whimsy of the books, but it stands on its own as a visionary thriller'.^[45]

In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of 'A' on an A+ to F scale.^[46]

Accolades[edit]

• Academy Awards^[47]
  • Winner: Best Visual Effects and Best Sound Editing.
  • Nominee: Best Picture, Best Art Direction, Best Film Editing and Best Sound (Christopher Boyes, Michael Semanick, Michael Hedges and Hammond Peek).
• British Academy Film Awards: Best Costume Design, Best Special Visual Effects, Orange Film of the Year (voted on by the public)
• Empire Awards: Best Picture
• Grammy Awards: Best Score (Howard Shore)
• Hugo Awards (World Science Fiction Society): Best Dramatic Presentation — Long Form
• 2003 MTV Movie Awards: Best virtual performance (Gollum)
• Saturn Awards: Best Fantasy Film, Best Costume (Ngila Dickson), Best Supporting Actor (Andy Serkis)

American Film Institute Recognition[edit]

• AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
  • 'My precious.' – #85

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abc'The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'. AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
2. ^'THE LORD OF THE RINGS - THE TWO TOWERS'. British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
3. ^'THE LORD OF THE RINGS - THE TWO TOWERS [Extended version]'. British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
4. ^'The Lord of the Rings The Two Towers'. British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
5. ^'The Lord of the Rings The Two Towers (2002)'. American Film Institute. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
6. ^'The Lord of the Rings The Two Towers (2002)'. Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
7. ^'The Lord of the Rings The Two Towers (2002)'. European Audiovisual Observatory. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
8. ^ ^abc'The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)'. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
9. ^'All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation'. Boxofficemojo.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
10. ^Head, Steve (13 December 2002). 'An interview with Peter Jackson'. IGN. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
11. ^Lammers, Tim (28 August 2003). 'New On Video: 'The Lord Of The Rings: The Two Towers''. nbc4. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
12. ^Frodo calls Gollum 'not so very different from a hobbit once'. In the book, however, Sméagol is described as belonging to 'hobbit-kind; akin to the fathers of the fathers of the hobbit Stoors' (The Fellowship of the Ring, 'The Shadow of the Past'); Stoors being one of the three kindreds of hobbits. In an appendix, Tolkien calls his relative Déagol Nahald (featured in the third film of the trilogy) a Stoor; therefore Sméagol must have been a Stoor himself. In a letter, Tolkien confirms that Gollum was a hobbit (The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, #214).
13. ^J.W. Braun, The Lord of the Films (ECW Press, 2009).
14. ^'20 Questions with Peter Jackson'. Peter Jackson online transcript from Ain't It Cool News. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
15. ^ ^abcdefFrom Book to Script: Finding the Story (DVD). New Line. 2003.
16. ^ ^abPeter Jackson, Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens (2003). Director/Writers Commentary (DVD). New Line.
17. ^Clint Morris (5 December 2002). 'Interview: Liv Tyler'. Moviehole. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 16 February 2007.
18. ^Editorial: Refining the Story (DVD). New Line. 2003.
19. ^Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, #140 & #143, ISBN0-395-31555-7
    Hammond, Wayne G.; Scull, Christina (1995), J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, #178, ISBN0-395-74816-X
20. ^Hammond, Wayne G.; Scull, Christina (1995), J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, #180, ISBN0-395-74816-X
21. ^Hammond, Wayne G.; Anderson, Douglas A. (1993), J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography, New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Books, 92 (23 February 1954 entry), ISBN0-938768-42-5
22. ^ ^abcBig-atures (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2003.
23. ^ ^abcdDesigning Middle-earth (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2003.
24. ^ ^abcWeta Workshop (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2003.
25. ^ ^abcdCameras in Middle-earth: Filming The Two Towers (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2003.
26. ^ ^abWarriors of the Third Age (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2003.
27. ^Serkis, Andy (2003). Gollum: How we made Movie Magic. Harpercollins. p. 24. ISBN0-618-39104-5.
28. ^ ^abcWeta Digital (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2002.
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External links[edit]

• The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers on IMDb
• The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers at AllMovie
• The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers at Metacritic
• The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers at Box Office Mojo
• The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers at Rotten Tomatoes